South America’s physical structure is dominated by three major regions: This chapter focuses on the mountains & plateaus. 🌎 3.1 Andes Mountains – The Backbone of South America 🔹 Divisions of Andes 🔹 Important Peaks of the Andes Peak Country Height (m) Significance Aconcagua Argentina 6,961 Highest in South America Huascarán Peru 6,768 Highest peak…
South America is divided into 12 sovereign nations and a few territories. Despite shared colonial histories, each country has developed unique political, cultural, and economic systems. 🌍 2.1 Countries & Capitals Country Capital Political Note Argentina Buenos Aires Major agricultural exporter, Pampas grasslands Bolivia Sucre (constitutional), La Paz (administrative) Landlocked, rich in lithium Brazil Brasília…
South America is a continent of extremes and contrasts – home to the world’s largest river by volume (Amazon), the longest mountain chain (Andes), and the largest rainforest (Amazonia). Politically, it consists of 12 independent countries, each with distinct cultures and histories, yet bound together by their shared colonial past. Physically, the continent is shaped…
India’s land revenue system evolved from tribal tribute and cattle wealth in the Vedic era to state-controlled taxes under the Mauryas. Feudal land grants like Brahmadeya emerged in the Gupta period, followed by the Iqta system in the Delhi Sultanate. The Mughals introduced Jagirdari, later replaced by exploitative British systems—Zamindari, Ryotwari, and Mahalwari.
🧭 1. Historical Background 🔹 1857: First War of Independence 🔹 1860: Indian Penal Code (IPC) enacted 🧨 2. Insertion of Section 124A – Sedition 🔹 Year: 1870 🔹 Drafted by: James Fitzjames Stephen🔹 Purpose:To curb growing nationalist sentiments and press criticism after 1857 revolt and especially after the rise of Indian newspapers and political…
Paper I: General Studies (200 Marks) Paper II: Civil Services Aptitude Test (CSAT) (200 Marks) (Paper-II is qualifying in nature with minimum 33% marks required.) Important Notes:
