India’s land revenue system evolved from tribal tribute and cattle wealth in the Vedic era to state-controlled taxes under the Mauryas. Feudal land grants like Brahmadeya emerged in the Gupta period, followed by the Iqta system in the Delhi Sultanate. The Mughals introduced Jagirdari, later replaced by exploitative British systems—Zamindari, Ryotwari, and Mahalwari.
🧭 1. Historical Background 🔹 1857: First War of Independence 🔹 1860: Indian Penal Code (IPC) enacted 🧨 2. Insertion of Section 124A – Sedition 🔹 Year: 1870 🔹 Drafted by: James Fitzjames Stephen🔹 Purpose:To curb growing nationalist sentiments and press criticism after 1857 revolt and especially after the rise of Indian newspapers and political…
🔸 Overview 📘 Article 12 – Definition of “State” 🔹 What is Article 12? Defines “the State” for the purpose of enforcing Fundamental Rights. 🔹 Includes: ❓ Judiciary as “State”? ⚖️ Landmark Cases: Case Judgment Rajasthan SEB v. Mohan Lal (1967) Statutory authority = State Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib (1981) Gave 5-point test for…
Paper I: General Studies (200 Marks) Paper II: Civil Services Aptitude Test (CSAT) (200 Marks) (Paper-II is qualifying in nature with minimum 33% marks required.) Important Notes:
