🇮🇳 India at Independence (15 August 1947) At independence, India was a mixture of: 🧩 Initial Classification of States (1950 Constitution) When the Constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950, Indian territory was classified into 4 types of states: 🟥 Part A States (9) 🟦 Part B States (9) 🟩 Part C States (10)…
The Preamble of India is the soul of the Constitution. It declares India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and ensures justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. Though non-justiciable, it forms the foundation of constitutional interpretation and reflects the basic structure as upheld in Kesavananda Bharati case.
🔸 Overview 📘 Article 12 – Definition of “State” 🔹 What is Article 12? Defines “the State” for the purpose of enforcing Fundamental Rights. 🔹 Includes: ❓ Judiciary as “State”? ⚖️ Landmark Cases: Case Judgment Rajasthan SEB v. Mohan Lal (1967) Statutory authority = State Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib (1981) Gave 5-point test for…
➤ What is Citizenship? (NCERT) Citizenship is the legal membership of a person in a state.It enables a person to enjoy full civil and political rights, and places duties and responsibilities on the individual. From the Indian perspective: ➤ Citizens vs Aliens (NCERT): Category Meaning in NCERT Citizen Full membership of the political community; enjoys…
The Basic Structure Doctrine, established in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), limits Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution. While amendments are allowed, they must not alter the Constitution’s core principles—like democracy, secularism, rule of law, and judicial review. It safeguards the Constitution’s soul, ensuring India remains a constitutional democracy with guaranteed fundamental rights.
From trade monopoly in 1600 to India’s independence in 1947, British rule evolved through battles, corruption, and laws. Step by step, the East India Company lost power as Parliament gained control. Charter Acts, Council Acts, and reforms shaped India’s governance. These colonial foundations laid the groundwork for India’s modern Constitution. This post traces that journey.
