From 1915 to 1947, Gandhi led India’s freedom struggle through non-violent mass movements like Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit India. Starting with local Satyagrahas, he mobilized peasants, workers, and women. Despite his efforts for unity, communal tensions rose, leading to India’s independence and partition in 1947—a moment of triumph shadowed by tragedy.
India’s land revenue system evolved from tribal tribute and cattle wealth in the Vedic era to state-controlled taxes under the Mauryas. Feudal land grants like Brahmadeya emerged in the Gupta period, followed by the Iqta system in the Delhi Sultanate. The Mughals introduced Jagirdari, later replaced by exploitative British systems—Zamindari, Ryotwari, and Mahalwari.
Modern Indian History begins in 1707 with the death of Aurangzeb, marking the decline of the Mughal Empire and rise of European trading powers. It culminates in 1947 with India’s independence from British colonial rule, covering a transformative 240-year period of political, economic, and social upheaval.
🧭 1. Historical Background 🔹 1857: First War of Independence 🔹 1860: Indian Penal Code (IPC) enacted 🧨 2. Insertion of Section 124A – Sedition 🔹 Year: 1870 🔹 Drafted by: James Fitzjames Stephen🔹 Purpose:To curb growing nationalist sentiments and press criticism after 1857 revolt and especially after the rise of Indian newspapers and political…
The Preamble of India is the soul of the Constitution. It declares India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and ensures justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. Though non-justiciable, it forms the foundation of constitutional interpretation and reflects the basic structure as upheld in Kesavananda Bharati case.
🔸 Overview 📘 Article 12 – Definition of “State” 🔹 What is Article 12? Defines “the State” for the purpose of enforcing Fundamental Rights. 🔹 Includes: ❓ Judiciary as “State”? ⚖️ Landmark Cases: Case Judgment Rajasthan SEB v. Mohan Lal (1967) Statutory authority = State Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib (1981) Gave 5-point test for…
➤ What is Citizenship? (NCERT) Citizenship is the legal membership of a person in a state.It enables a person to enjoy full civil and political rights, and places duties and responsibilities on the individual. From the Indian perspective: ➤ Citizens vs Aliens (NCERT): Category Meaning in NCERT Citizen Full membership of the political community; enjoys…
The Basic Structure Doctrine, established in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), limits Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution. While amendments are allowed, they must not alter the Constitution’s core principles—like democracy, secularism, rule of law, and judicial review. It safeguards the Constitution’s soul, ensuring India remains a constitutional democracy with guaranteed fundamental rights.
From trade monopoly in 1600 to India’s independence in 1947, British rule evolved through battles, corruption, and laws. Step by step, the East India Company lost power as Parliament gained control. Charter Acts, Council Acts, and reforms shaped India’s governance. These colonial foundations laid the groundwork for India’s modern Constitution. This post traces that journey.
Paper I: General Studies (200 Marks) Paper II: Civil Services Aptitude Test (CSAT) (200 Marks) (Paper-II is qualifying in nature with minimum 33% marks required.) Important Notes:
