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Latest Blogs
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🇮🇳 Part1 – Union and its Territory (Article 1–4)
🇮🇳 India at Independence (15 August 1947) At independence, India was a mixture of: 🧩 Initial Classification of States (1950 Constitution) When the Constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950, Indian territory was classified into 4 types of states: 🟥 Part A States (9) 🟦 Part B States (9) 🟩 Part C States (10)…
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📚 UPSC Geography – Lithosphere Section Summary
The Lithosphere shapes our world through powerful internal and external forces. From Earth’s layered structure and drifting continents to the rise of mountains and formation of soil, dynamic processes like earthquakes, volcanoes, rivers, winds, glaciers, and waves continually reshape the land — creating diverse landforms and revealing the planet’s restless geological heartbeat.
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🇮🇳 Gandhian Phase and Partition (1915–1947)
From 1915 to 1947, Gandhi led India’s freedom struggle through non-violent mass movements like Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit India. Starting with local Satyagrahas, he mobilized peasants, workers, and women. Despite his efforts for unity, communal tensions rose, leading to India’s independence and partition in 1947—a moment of triumph shadowed by tragedy.
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📜 Land Revenue and Administrative Systems in Indian History ( Ancient to Modern time )
India’s land revenue system evolved from tribal tribute and cattle wealth in the Vedic era to state-controlled taxes under the Mauryas. Feudal land grants like Brahmadeya emerged in the Gupta period, followed by the Iqta system in the Delhi Sultanate. The Mughals introduced Jagirdari, later replaced by exploitative British systems—Zamindari, Ryotwari, and Mahalwari.
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📚 Modern Indian History: Start and End Points
Modern Indian History begins in 1707 with the death of Aurangzeb, marking the decline of the Mughal Empire and rise of European trading powers. It culminates in 1947 with India’s independence from British colonial rule, covering a transformative 240-year period of political, economic, and social upheaval.
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📜 Evolution of Sedition Law in India (1857–2025)
🧭 1. Historical Background 🔹 1857: First War of Independence 🔹 1860: Indian Penal Code (IPC) enacted 🧨 2. Insertion of Section 124A – Sedition 🔹 Year: 1870 🔹 Drafted by: James Fitzjames Stephen🔹 Purpose:To curb growing nationalist sentiments and press criticism after 1857 revolt and especially after the rise of Indian newspapers and political…
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📜 Preamble of the Indian Constitution
The Preamble of India is the soul of the Constitution. It declares India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and ensures justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. Though non-justiciable, it forms the foundation of constitutional interpretation and reflects the basic structure as upheld in Kesavananda Bharati case.
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🇮🇳 Part 3 – Fundamental Rights (Articles 12 to 35)
🔸 Overview 📘 Article 12 – Definition of “State” 🔹 What is Article 12? Defines “the State” for the purpose of enforcing Fundamental Rights. 🔹 Includes: ❓ Judiciary as “State”? ⚖️ Landmark Cases: Case Judgment Rajasthan SEB v. Mohan Lal (1967) Statutory authority = State Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib (1981) Gave 5-point test for…
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🇮🇳 Part 2 – Citizenship
➤ What is Citizenship? (NCERT) Citizenship is the legal membership of a person in a state.It enables a person to enjoy full civil and political rights, and places duties and responsibilities on the individual. From the Indian perspective: ➤ Citizens vs Aliens (NCERT): Category Meaning in NCERT Citizen Full membership of the political community; enjoys…
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📚 BASIC STRUCTURE DOCTRINE
The Basic Structure Doctrine, established in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), limits Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution. While amendments are allowed, they must not alter the Constitution’s core principles—like democracy, secularism, rule of law, and judicial review. It safeguards the Constitution’s soul, ensuring India remains a constitutional democracy with guaranteed fundamental rights.
Notice Board
🗓️ Upcoming Exams & Deadlines
UPSC Mains 2025 – 20 Sept 2025
🕐 Daf Submission: 15 Aug 2025
✍️ How to Fill DAF – Click Here
UPSC Prelims 2025 – 26 May 2025
🕐 Last Date to Apply: 5 March 2025
📄 Official Notification PDF